Complex oxide interfaces have mesmerized the scientific community in the last decade due to the possibility of creating tunable novel multifunctionalities, which are possible owing to the strong interaction among charge, spin, orbital and structural degrees of freedom. Artificial interfacial modifications, which include defects, formal polarization, structural symmetry breaking and interlayer...
To remain competitive in a rapidly changing global market, many industries are looking at implementing new and innovative products. This sometimes requires engaging with scientific and engineering researchers to bring the latest discoveries to commercial products. The ultimate success of translating these discoveries into products will come from the ability to scale-up the fabrication...
X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) is probably the most widely used surface analysis technique. Using it, it is possible not only to determine the chemical composition of a given material, but also concentrations of all elements forming it. Additionally, XPS is very useful to ascertain the thickness of adlayer deposited on any kind of solid state substrate. The depth from which the...
In this invited talk I wish to give an overview of neutron scattering at ANSTO. From this we will see neutron scattering as a powerful tool for understanding the structure and dynamics of materials. There are many different types of instruments utilizing neutrons from the OPAL reactor at ANSTO and these will be introduced in some detail. In particular I wish to focus on recent scientific...
New methods of pressure and vacuum realization that are based on quantum calculations are currently under development. This is exciting in that it fits with the current SI-redefinition paradigm, that if a new technique relies upon a quantum property, measurement, calculation, or invariant of nature, then this technique can have served as a primary standard. Standards built this way are then...
Recently, thin-film transistors (TFTs) used as switching and driving devices have been widely applied in liquid-crystal displays (LCDs), flexible electronics, smart cards, etc. Several transparent conducting oxide (TCO) films are being investigated to obtain channel layers, owing to their wider energy bandgap and lack of absorption of visible light. In view of their wider energy bandgap,...
A wider bandgap material possesses great merit as it allows the design of devices such as high sensitive wavelength-tunable photodetectors (PDs). Aluminum element is a candidate to enlarge the bandgap of Ga2O3 since Al2O3 has a larger bandgap. The similar electron structures of Al and Ga makes the (AlGa)2O3 alloy possible to achieve. Therefore, by incorporating Al2O3 into Ga2O3, the bandgap of...
Surface and interface bio-analytical systems can be categorized, as well as surface modification and biofunctionalization processes, into wet and gas phase (mostly vacuum) operating techniques. While wet and gas phase biofunctionalization routes have coexisted and are even used in sequential processes, the use of traditional vacuum analytical techniques has been severely criticized due to...
Epitaxial strain, utilizing the lattice-mismatch between heterogeneous systems, has been generalized as a standard tool to improve or induce unconventional physical and materials properties, such as ferroelectricity and ferromagnetism. The fact it is so successful that it overwhelmingly enveils another important concomitant parameter, the symmetry-mismatch, that naturally occurs at the...
The theoretical and experimental aspects of a hybrid hydrogen storage system consisting of hydrogen pressurized hollow glass microspheres (HGMS) and a hydride, e.g. NaBH4, will be discussed. Volumetric and gravimetric storage densities are assessed. Thermal aspects and hydrogen diffusion through glass are discussed. It is shown that hydrogen pressurized HGMS in combination with a hydride bear...
In this talk, we will introduce how to fabricate and study the artificial 5d iridate superlattices by the combo of oxide molecular beam epitaxy (OMBE), in-situ angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy (ARPES) and X-ray magnetic circular dichroism (XMCD) techniques.
We successfully fabricated a series of [(SrIrO3)$_m$/(SrTiO$_3$)]$_n$/SrTiO$_3$(100) superlattices using the layer-by-layer...
Plasmas underpin many existing technologies and drive next-generation innovations. Non-equilibrium plasmas are a powerful medium for ionisation, excitation, dissociation, and bond modification, at solid surfaces, in liquids and gases. These processes produce an intriguing reactive environment, combining ions, electrons, reactive neutrals and photons. Atom-scale precision can be achieved for...
High magnetization materials are strongly required for the fabrication of advanced multifunctional magnetic materials and devices, whereas, the development of high magnetization materials is extremely slow. In this work, we propose a new strategy to achieve high magnetization above room temperature by nanoengineering. In detail, 5% Co-TiO2 film has been deposited using pulsed laser deposition....
Surface Engineering (SE) is the science and technology of improving the surface properties of materials for protection in demanding contact conditions and aggressive environments. SE also encompasses engineering new multi-functional surface properties, such as electrical, optical, thermal, chemical, and biochemical properties. It involves multiple or hybrid processes which include substrate...
The transparent polymers reinforced by carbon fiber cloth, so-called flexible carbon fiber sheets (FCFS), are frequently exploited due to several advantages such as low specific weight, low cost and ease of processing. However, the soft surfaces of FCFS restrain their usage. The constrains of soft surfaces for FCFS can be resolved by deposition of hard transparent protective thin films, such...
Plasma polymerization modifies surfaces via the deposition of a thin film possessing specific functional groups. The organic monomer is introduced into the low pressure chamber as a vapour, fragmented via radio frequency and deposited onto all surfaces in contact with the plasma. Commonly used monomers such as octadiene, allylamine and acrylic acid enable the deposition of hydrocarbon, amine...
Science and technology of thin films is in continuous progress. Interesting technological approaches and initiatives for accelerated materials discovery using machine learning are under development to meet the current trends of automation and data exchange in manufacturing technologies within what is called Industry 4.0 that involves cyber-physical systems, the Internet of things, or cognitive...
The study of magnetic structure and neutron scattering on potassium intercalated iron selenide (K2Fe4Se5) and its doped system (K1.9Fe4+x-yAySe5, A=Cu/Mn) is presented here. An intriguing phenomena is observed in the magnetic properties due to doping, which could provide different view to the mechanism of superconductivity. Excess iron in the Fe-chalcogenide family, appears to somehow induce...
MgF$_{2}$ thin films deposited by magnetron sputtering show optical absorption in the visible range because of the formation of F defects or Mg clusters by the incidence of energetic F- ions to substrate [1,2]. In addition, deposition rate of sputter deposited MgF$_{2}$ thin film is less than a few nm/s [1, 2], which is regarded as rather low compared to that of other compound thin films. In...
The paper presents an efficient tool to research morphological properties of various composite structures. It focuses on the composites that are created by metal particles in a dielectric matrix. Nevertheless, the results could be used for other similar two-phase systems. The particles are assumed to be more or less randomly distributed in the matrix, and a low metal volume fraction is...
One of the major goals in condensed matter physics is to search for materials with multifunctionality at the quantum level. Strongly correlated oxides seem to be one of the most attractive candidates due to the collective behaviors emerged from strong interactions and correlations among their degrees of freedoms. Incorporating strongly correlated oxides into epitaxial heterostructures expands...
IUVSTA Nanometer Structures Division Highlights
Nanoscience as a discipline and its impact on modern society
Corresponding author: Ana G. Silva, acs@fct.unl.pt
In the highlight seminar of scientific Nanometer Structures Division (NSD) of IUVSTA we provide an overview of some recent developments in nanoscience and how its applications comprise a vital contribution to social well-being,...
There are various applications for which diamond thin films (DTFs) have gained attention due to their unique physical properties including good optical properties, high thermal conductivity, high electrical conductivity etc. The most prominent among all is the high thermal conductivity of diamond which makes it a potential candidate for heat spreading and other such applications in the field...
In thin film form, transition metal oxides can be subjected to intense electric fields and are known to exhibit characteristic resistance changes that are of increasing interest for a new generation of low power oxide-electronics, including: resistive random access memory (ReRAM) as a replacement for non-volatile flash memory, field-programmable gate arrays (FPGAs) for reconfigurable...
A single-crystalline ZnGa2O4 epilayer was successfully grown on c-plane (0001) sapphire substrate by MOCVD for application as high performance metal-semiconductor-metal (MSM) visible-blind deep-ultraviolet (DUV) photodetector (PD). The optimized growth parameters for the growth pressure and growth temperature were 15 torr and 650 oC, respectively. The result presented here demonstrate the...
Oregon Physics has developed the HyperionTM system of high brightness plasma ion sources which are now being used on Focused Ion Beams and TOF-SIMS around the world. The original research on the plasma source ion beam system was done at the Space Plasma Power and Propulsion Laboratory at the Australian National University. These plasma sources are ten times brighter than present sources and...
Control over charge and spin states at the single atom and molecule level is crucial not only for a fundmental understanding of charge and spin interactions but also represents a prerequisite for development of spin tronics. Recently, we demonstrate that the Kondo resonance of manganese phthalocyanine (MnPc) molecules can be reversibly switched via a robust route through chemical absorption...
Thin film sample Si(001)//SiO2/Ni80Fe20/MnxOy were ion sputtered. These sputtered samples were oxygen implanted using 8 keV ions at fluences of 1016, 1017 and 1018 ions/cm2 in order to modify the exchange bias effect at the MnxOy/Ni80Fe20 interface. The magnetic, crystallographic and chemical properties of the sample were studied before and after the implantations using transmission electron...
Wire-gird polarizers (WGPs) have placed central roles in a variety of applications such as imaging system, display, and spectroscopy. However, traditional WGPs show low transmission efficiency in midwave infrared (MWIR) and longwave infrared (LWIR) spectral regions, which is attributed to a large index contrast between air and IR-transmitting substrates such as silicon (Si) and germanium (Ge)....
Magnetic thin film heterostructures have been widely studied for fundamental interests in the emergence of novel magnetic phenomena as well as their promising practical applications. The heterointerface interaction plays a dominant role in the development of interesting electronic and magnetic properties. The coupling at the heterointerface strongly relies on the interfacial structure on the...
Reactive sputter deposition process has become a very popular method to prepare oxide and other compound films in both academic and industrial fields. In the metal oxide deposition using this process, for example, a metal target is sputtered while oxygen gas is introduced into the deposition chamber to form the oxide on the substrate surface. In this process, two distinct operation modes...
Tissue engineering and medical implants hold great potential to restore lost tissue functions in the human body. In tissue engineering, biomaterial constructs may play many important roles, including providing space for tissue growth, acting as scaffolding for cell attachment and migration, mimicking native tissue microenvironments and delivering bioactive signals. However, one significant...
Functional coatings can nowadays be synthesized by atmospheric plasma, which opens interesting possibilities for industrial applications. Antibacterial, anticorrosion, optically active, biocompatible, self-cleaning, superhydrophilic, superhydrophobic, sticky or repellent surfaces can be obtained. However, the still mostly empirical approach used (study of the change in the coating chemistry...
A significant number of scientific discoveries in the past was driven by experiment with several exceptions. The coming industry 4.0 era will be digital and computer simulation driven. Physical properties of almost all materials should be predictable, in principle, by solving the quantum-mechanical equations governing their constituent electrons. Such calculations require only a small number...
My group’s research focuses on controlling the nano- and micro-scale structure and chemistry of surfaces to produce advanced functional behaviour. In this talk I will describe a family of bio-inspired surfaces - slippery lubricant-infused porous surfaces - that have the potential to decrease our energy needs by contributing drag-reducing,1 self-cleaning,2 and anti-fouling properties.3 In all...
The interaction between a magnetic impurity and metallic background provides a key to understand many-body interaction and its effect on the electro-magnetic properties of a material. Such an interaction leads to the formation of a resonant-type many-body ground state, so-called Kondo resonance, that is enhanced at low temperatures. We investigate temperature-dependent electron band structure...
The investigation of structure at the liquid/liquid interface is of prime importance in a number of physico-chemical areas both fundamentally and practically. This presentation will focus on x-ray and neutron scattering approaches to studying structure and molecular conformation at planar oil/water interfaces. The oil/water interface is crucial to many industrial systems, for example...
Surface X-ray diffraction (SXRD) is one of the most powerful methods that can determine the atomic structure of buried interfaces non-destructively. It is widely used to analyze the structure of solid-liquid and solid-solid interface to understanding the interface processes such as electrochemical reaction and thin film growth. A drawback of SXRD is that the measurements are often...
Robust biological activity and rapid osseointegration plays an important role in implant stability and fixation in order to deliver better surgical outcomes for patients. Hence, closely mimicking the topological features of natural human bone can lead to greater osseointegration at the bone-implant interface. Here, we have introduced a selective corrosion based method to synthesise a...
This work presents a simple experimental procedure to probe light confinement effects in photonic structures. Two types of porous 1D Bragg microcavities with two resonant peaks in the reflection gap were prepared by physical vapor deposition at oblique angle configurations and then infiltrated with dye solutions of increasing concentrations. The unusual position shift and intensity
drop of the...
Ordinary chemical reaction is difficult to occur in ice at low temperature, where atoms and molecules are frozen in position with minimal thermal energy and entropy. Contrary to this general knowledge, fluoroacetic acids dissociate spontaneously in ice, according to studies with reflection absorption infrared spectroscopy and H/D isotopic exchange experiment. Fluoroacetic acids dissociated...
Despite the importance, limited information has been available about the unoccupied states of organic semiconductors because of lack of a suitable experimental technique. Inverse photoelectron spectroscopy (IPES) is, in principle, an ideal tool to examine the unoccupied states; the electrons are introduced to the sample surface and the photons emitted due to the radiative transition to...
Despite being a bona-fide bulk insulator, the surface of diamond presents a versatile platform for exploiting some of the extraordinary physical and chemical properties of diamond, leading to applications such as chemical/biological sensing and the development of high-power and high-frequency field effect transistors (FETs) [1]. On one hand, bare diamond (001) surfaces are reactive, and can be...
Angle Resolved Photoelectron Spectroscopy (ARPES) is the “complete” photoemission experiment. It simultaneously measures a photoelectron’s kinetic energy, emission angle and sometimes spin, relative to the crystallographic axes, constructing a direct image of the electronic bandstructure. This makes ARPES the most powerful contemporary technique for determining the electronic structure of...
Titanium dioxide (TiO2) surfaces are of interest and importance in both physical and chemical aspects including photocatalytic H2 generation, hydrogen sensors, and two-dimensional electron gas formation. Titanium dioxide reveals polymorphism of rutile and anatase. Upon interaction with TiO2 surfaces, hydrogen might adsorb on the surface and diffuse into the interior of TiO2, which...
Plasma technology has been used to produce cell culture plastics since the 1960s, but more recently, functionalised surfaces have been developed that provide specific functional groups for immobilisation, or for capturing biomolecules. While these surfaces can be made simply and easily in the lab, producing them at a commercial scale presents a number of challenges.
We present the development...
One of the goals of nanoscience is achieving precise control over the structure and function of nanoscale architectures at surfaces. Bottom-up approaches using molecular building blocks present a flexible and intuitive approach to this challenge. Combining the Lego-like modularity of molecules with the epitaxial and reactive influences of surfaces creates a range of opportunities to build...
Current wet chemical processes for cleaning and painting of metal surfaces require multiple steps including cleaning, degreasing, deoxidizing and anodizing/chemical conversion coating to impart the necessary surface modification all while using chemicals with significant environmental and health hazards. The most common alternative surface modification methods are laser and plasma-based...
In this talk, I will present the effectiveness of a mild plasma configuration in order to dope nitrogen on graphene without defect formation. The system is a vertical-type direct-current plasma with parallel electrodes. We change the electrode configuration and adjust the plasma input power and treatment time to utilize various ion-bombardment energies and plasma doses. The up-cathode system...
The boom of graphene research, as well as the successful development of high-quality graphene films for industrial applications, has inspired the theoretical prediction and experimental discovery of a number of elemental two-dimensional (2D) materials. Boron (B), the one-electron-lacking neighbor of carbon in the periodic table, is identified by rather different chemistry as compared to C. A...
A special designed aluminum diamond-edge (DE-) gasket was applied to seal the aluminum vacuum chamber on the diamond-edge flat (DEF-) flange, instead of the traditional assembly of the aluminum metallic gasket with the ConFlat (CF-) flange, can achieve the ultrahigh vacuum (UHV) specified leak rate < 1x10-10 Pa∙m3/s and the ultimate pressure of < 10-8 Pa. Since both the DE-gasket and the...
One of the most intriguing ideas of the last decade is the concept of translating well-known chemical synthesis methods into the realm of surface science. The ability to interrogate individual atoms and molecules by scanning probe microscopies affords new insights into well-established reaction pathways, and in some cases can reveal unexpected and often surprising new structures. Synthesis of...
KAGRA is Japanese gravitational wave observatory which is located in the underground site to reduce seismic motion. In order to decrease the mirror thermal fluctuation, four antenna mirrors have to be cooled down. To achieve 20K for mirror temperature, sapphire was chosen as a material of cooled mirrors and their suspension components in the final vibration reduction stage because of its...
Two-dimensional (2D) materials and their derivatives have attracted unprecedented enthusiasm during the past decade due to their exceptional mechanical, thermal, optical, and electrical properties not available in conventional materials. This article explores the innovative surfaces of 2D materials, which enable diverse applications of 2D materials by using the one-step mask-free direct laser...
The superconducting transition temperature (TC) of monolayer FeSe on SrTiO3 is significantly enhanced to 60-70 K in comparison with the bulk TC of 8 K. To understand the mechanism of the extraordinary interfacial phenomenon, extensive investigations have been carried out with complementary surface analyses techniques. We use the high-resolution electron energy loss spectroscopy (HREELS) to...
Electrical power consumption occurs because of the resistance to the flow of electrical current. The power lines and transformers as well as information and computation consume more than 20% of the world's electricity. In this presentation, we will discuss the latest development on superconductors and emerging materials in which electrical current can flow without resistance for ultra-low...
Organic heterostructures based on acceptor-donor molecules on surfaces have become strategic materials due to their huge technological impact in fields such as organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs), organic field effect transistors (OFETs), or solar cell devices, amongst others. In particular, the charge transfer process promoted by donor/acceptor molecules at the interface with metal...
There is a growing body of literature that recognizes the potential of graphene for use in electronics [1]. However, graphene’s lack of bandgap challenges its remarkable range of applications [2]. Theoretical work suggests that a bandgap might be opened in graphene through quantum confinement, for example in graphene nanoribbons. Thermal decomposition of SiC has proven to be an excellent...
Na3Bi in bulk form represents a zero-bandgap topological Dirac semimetal (TDS), but when confined to monolayer it is predicted Na3Bi is a 2D topological insulator with a bandgap of ~300 meV.1 Application of an electric field to few-layer Na3Bi has been predicted to induce a topological phase transition, opening up the possibility of creating new types of electronic switches known as...
The two-dimensional layered material MoS2 is the most common transition metal dichalcogenide. The bulk MoS2 is a semiconductor material with an indirect energy gap (about 1.3 eV) with strong sulfur and molybdenum metal in the plane of the monolayer valence bond function, and there is a very weak Van der Waals force between layers. The monolayer MoS2 has a direct energy gap (about 1.9 eV) and...
The physical and chemical properties of sulfide mineral surfaces and their interactions with aqueous environments and microbes, is crucial to minerals processing. Over the past 30 years surface analysis techniques including X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), Auger Electron Spectroscopy (AES), Time of Flight Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry (ToF-SIMS), Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) and...
The size of a band gap determines the suitability of a material for use in different applications such as computers or in solar cells. In the case of artificial two-dimensional (2D) materials, such as graphene or single-layer (SL) transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDCs), electronic properties, including the band gap, are drastically different from their parent compounds, where dimensionality...
Over the last decades, nano- and microfabrication technologies of semiconductors have received considerable attraction for energy and optoelectronic device applications. Various fabrication techniques such as thermal dewetting, anodization, laser interference lithography, etc., followed by dry etching as well as glancing angle deposition and material growth/synthesis have been employed to...
X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) is a widely used surface analysis technique employed in fundamental research, applied research, service laboratories and industry. Good quality analytical outcomes depend critically on spectral references. Many examples of XPS reference databases exist, including print editions, sets of spectral peak positions drawn from the literature, and digital...
In this talk, we will show the pronounced effects of various defects in determing the physical properties of the emergent 2D material SnSe with binary black phosphorus lattice. SnSe has been reported with record-breaking thermoelectric conversion efficiency very recently. However, to date a comprehensive understanding of the electronic structure and most critically, the self hole-doping...
In the past decades, many types of the renewable energy, such as solar power, wind power, and biomass energy, are extensively developed owing to the nature fuel has been gradual decrease. Among these renewable energies, solar power is the most promising. The solar power includes Si-based solar cells, III-V solar cells, organic solar cells, and so on. Among them, the organic solar cells have...
Principal component analysis (PCA) and other multivariate analysis methods have been used increasingly to analyse and understand depth‐profiles in XPS, AES and SIMS[1]. For large images or three‐dimensional (3D) imaging depth‐profiles, PCA has been difficult to apply until now simply because of the size of the matrices of data involved. We have developed two algorithms that improve the speed...
Two-dimensional (2D) materials, which possess atomic or molecular thickness and infinite planar lengths, are regarded as a novel family of materials that have a great potential to transform modern electronics due to their unique nanostructures and electronic states, especially since the discovery of graphene, which possesses amazing functionalities such as high electron mobility and the...
Future applications of graphene in nanoelectronics will depend critically on the perfect control at the atomic level of its direct growth on semiconducting substrates and on the development of novel approaches to introduce a bandgap while preserving carrier mobility. Thermal decomposition of bulk SiC has proven to be an excellent method to grow transfer-free wafer-scale graphene, with the...
The 3 GeV Australian Synchrotron is one of Australia’s premier research facilities and represents one of the biggest single investments in scientific excellence in the nation’s history. Following its operation on behalf of the State of Victoria, the Australian Synchrotron is now owned and operated as part of the Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation (ANSTO). While the...
Graphene has attracted a great deal of interest due to its remarkable properties, but as a zero-bandgap semimetal its full potential for next generation electronic devices is yet to be realized. Unlocking its potential for future applications in nanoelectronics will depend critically on the development of novel approaches to introducing a bandgap while preserving carrier mobility. In-plane...
The Australian Centre for Neutron Scattering (ACNS) utilises neutrons from Australia’s multi-purpose research reactor, OPAL, to solve complex research and industrial problems for Australian and international users via merit-based access and user-pays programs. Neutron scattering techniques provide the research community and industry with unique tools to study the structure, dynamics and...
Earth-abundant transition metal (TM) oxides are excellent materials as electrocatalysts for oxygen evolution reaction (OER). It has been proposed that similar to the d-band theory in metal catalysts, the intrinsic OER activity of TM oxides is strongly linked with their electronic structures, i.e., transition metal cations with an occupation of eg=1 showing a high OER activity. This provides...
Controlling the photocatalytic activity of TiO2 thin films grown by atomic layer deposition
Titanium dioxide (TiO2) represents a perfect example of a multifunctional metal-oxide semiconductor with applications ranging from microelectronics to photo catalysis or medical device materials [1]. Atomic layer deposition (ALD) is widely regarded as one of the most promising techniques for the growth...
The new neutron radiography / tomography / imaging instrument DINGO is operational since October 2014 to support research at ANSTO. It is designed for a broad national and international scientific user community and for routine quality control for defence, industrial, cultural heritage and archaeology applications. In the field of industrial application it provides a useful tool for studying...
The new generation synchrotron and X-ray Free Electron Laser facilities mark an important milestone on the development of x-ray science. Two examples will be presented to illustrate the bright potential of x-rays. The extremely bright hard-x-rays provide a unique opportunity to synthesize metal nanoparticles of high quality with high throughput. On the other hand, the same high brightness...
With the ever increasing consumption of the world’s fossil-fuel resources due to the rapid development of industry, as well as climate change which is mainly induced by a surge in CO2 concentration in the atmosphere, both energy and environmental issues are two key problems facing humanity[1]. Over the last decade there has consequently been a substantial increase in innovative utilization of...
The electrochemical reduction of CO2 is a process that has attracted considerable attention due to the combined benefits associated with the environmental remediation of CO2 and the production of valuable feedstock materials (e.g. CO) for the production of liquid fuels [1]. We have been studying the use of molecular catalysts such as metal phthalocyanines (MPc) as desirable candidates for...
The Siam Photo Source (SPS), one of two light sources in South East Asia, has been operating for more than 10 years serving academic and industrial users in Thailand, and users from International. The machine is 1.20 GeV second generation light source with storage ring of 8 bending magnets and 3 insertion devices (undulator, multipoles wiggler and superconducting wavelength shifter). The...
Oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) activity enhancement mechanisms of Pt-based alloy (Pt-M) catalysts is a key for developing highly-efficient cathode catalysts for polymer electrolyte fuel cell. In particular, the relation between the outermost structure of the Pt-M catalysts and electrochemical (EC) properties, e.g., ORR activity is a key issue. In this study, ORR activities are investigated...
Surface and near surface regions play a vital role in the determining catalytic activities of photocatalysts and electrocatalysts. Firstly, catalytic reactions take place on the surface of catalysts, where the adsorption/desorption and charge transfer occur between catalyst and molecular. Secondly, abundant surface mismatches, low coordinated ions or atoms, and defects are prevalent on the...
Today, diamond powder is mainly used as cutting tools for wafer manufacturing techniques. Among them, diamond wire saw(DWS) has advantages over conventional slurry wire saw(SWS) in terms of environmentally friendly and fast cutting speed and is currently being applied to manufacturing single crystalline silicon wafer. For the DWS process, metal-coated diamond powder is used. The main reason...
